Tafsir

The Reason why these Ayat were revealed

This was revealed concerning the disbelievers among the Quraysh, when they wanted to expel the Messenger of Allah ﷺ from among themselves. So Allah issued a warning to them in this Ayah, telling them that if they expelled him, they would not stay in Makkah for very long after that. And this is what happened after he migrated from them when their persecution became so intense. Only a year and a half after that, Allah brought him and them together on the battlefield of Badr, without any pre-arranged appointment, and He caused him to prevail over them and defeat them, so he killed their leaders and took their families as captives. Hence Allah said:سُنَّةَ مَن قَدْ أَرْسَلْنَا(A Sunnah with which We sent) meaning this is what We usually do to those who reject Our Messengers and persecute them by driving the Messenger out from among themselves - the punishment comes to them. If it were not for the fact that the Prophet was the Messenger of Mercy, vengeance would have come upon them such as had never been seen before in this world.

So Allah says:وَمَا كَانَ اللَّهُ لِيُعَذِّبَهُمْ وَأَنتَ فِيهِمْ(And Allah would not punish them while you are among them.) 8:33أَقِمِ الصَّلَوةَ لِدُلُوكِ الشَّمْسِ إِلَى غَسَقِ الَّيْلِ وَقُرْءَانَ الْفَجْرِ إِنَّ قُرْءَانَ الْفَجْرِ كَانَ مَشْهُودًا

Istifzaz in: وَإِن كَادُوا لَيَسْتَفِزُّونَكَ (And they were likely to harass you - 76) literally means to cut off, or tear away from, or to provoke into moving from a place. At this place, the sense is to expel the Holy Prophet ﷺ from his station at Makkah or Madinah. The verse means: Had they done that, their punishment would have been that they themselves would have not been able to live there much longer after you. This is the description of another event. There are two reports about it. One event relates to Madinah al-Tayyibah. The Jews of the city came to the Holy Prophet ﷺ . They told him: 'O Abu a1-Qasim, if you are true in your claim to be a prophet, you should go and live in Syria because the land of Syria is the land of al-Mahshar (the Resurrection) and the land of prophets too.' The Holy Prophet ﷺ was somewhat impressed by what they said and when he traveled to Syria at the time of the battle of Tabuk, the idea of taking up residence in Syria was still on his mind.

But, the revelation of the verse: وَإِن كَادُوا لَيَسْتَفِزُّونَكَ (And they were likely to harass you - 76) at that time stopped him from doing so. After presenting this report, Ibn Kathir has, however, declared it to be unsatisfactory.

As an alternate, he points out to another event which transpired in Makkah al-Mukarramah and which, according to him, is the point of reference in this verse for the fact that this Surah was Makki provided a strong coherence for it. As the event goes, once the Quraysh disbelievers intended to expel the Holy Prophet ﷺ from Makkah al-Mukarramah.

Thereupon, Allah Ta’ ala revealed the verse: كَادُوا لَيَسْتَفِزُّونَكَ where the Quraysh disbelievers were warned that in the event they expelled the Holy Prophet ﷺ from Makkah, they too would not be sitting in Makkah in peace any longer. This is the event Ibn Kathir considers to be the weightier choice as the point of reference in the verse. Then, he goes on to explain that this warning of the Holy Qur’ an was seen come true by the disbelievers of Makkah with their own eyes. When the Holy Prophet ﷺ migrated from Makkah al-Mukarramah, they were unable to sit there in peace even for a day. It was within a period of a year and six months that Allah Ta` ala made them assemble on the plains of Badr where seventy of their chiefs were killed and their initial aggressive power was broken. Then came the final outcome of the battle of 'Uhud which made them more awe-stricken, and the last confrontation of the battle of al-Ahzab virtually broke their back. It was in the eighth year of Hijrah that the Holy Prophet ﷺ conquered the whole of Makkah al-Mukarramah.

ولقد قارب الكفار أن يخرجوك من «مكة» بإزعاجهم إيَّاك، ولو أخرجوك منها لم يمكثوا فيها بعدك إلا زمنًا قليلا حتى تحل بهم العقوبة العاجلة.

قيل : نزلت في اليهود ، إذ أشاروا على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بسكنى الشام بلاد الأنبياء ، وترك سكنى المدينة .وهذا القول ضعيف ؛ لأن هذه الآية مكية ، وسكنى المدينة بعد ذلك .وقيل : إنها نزلت بتبوك . وفي صحته نظر .قال البيهقي ، عن الحاكم ، عن الأصم ، عن أحمد بن عبد الجبار العطاردي ، عن يونس بن بكير ، عن عبد الحميد بن بهرام ، عن شهر بن حوشب ، عن عبد الرحمن بن غنم ؛ أن اليهود أتوا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يوما فقالوا : يا أبا القاسم ، إن كنت صادقا أنك نبي ، فالحق بالشام ؛ فإن الشام أرض المحشر وأرض الأنبياء . فصدق ما قالوا ، فغزا غزوة تبوك ، لا يريد إلا الشام . فلما بلغ تبوك ، أنزل الله عليه آيات من سورة بني إسرائيل بعد ما ختمت السورة : ( وإن كادوا ليستفزونك من الأرض ليخرجوك منها ) إلى قوله : ( تحويلا ) فأمره الله بالرجوع إلى المدينة ، وقال : فيها محياك ومماتك ، ومنها تبعث .وفي هذا الإسناد نظر .

والأظهر أن هذا ليس بصحيح ؛ فإن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لم يغز تبوك عن قول اليهود ، إنما غزاها امتثالا لقوله تعالى : ( ياأيها الذين آمنوا قاتلوا الذين يلونكم من الكفار ) [ التوبة : 123 ] ، وقوله تعالى : ( قاتلوا الذين لا يؤمنون بالله ولا باليوم الآخر ولا يحرمون ما حرم الله ورسوله ولا يدينون دين الحق من الذين أوتوا الكتاب حتى يعطوا الجزية عن يد وهم صاغرون ) [ التوبة : 29 ] . وغزاها ليقتص وينتقم ممن قتل أهل مؤتة ، من أصحابه ، والله أعلم . ولو صح هذا لحمل عليه الحديث الذي رواه الوليد بن مسلم ، عن عفير بن معدان ، عن سليم بن عامر ، عن أبي أمامة - رضي الله عنه - قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " أنزل القرآن في ثلاثة أمكنة : مكة ، والمدينة ، والشام " . قال الوليد : يعني بيت المقدس . وتفسير الشام بتبوك أحسن مما قال الوليد : إنه بيت المقدس والله أعلم .وقيل : نزلت في كفار قريش ، هموا بإخراج الرسول من بين أظهرهم ، فتوعدهم الله بهذه الآية ، وأنهم لو أخرجوه لما لبثوا بعده بمكة إلا يسيرا . وكذلك وقع ، فإنه لم يكن بعد هجرته من بين أظهرهم بعد ما اشتد أذاهم له إلا سنة ونصف . حتى جمعهم الله وإياه ببدر على غير ميعاد ، فأمكنه منهم وسلطه عليهم وأظفره بهم ، فقتل أشرافهم وسبى سراتهم ؛ ولهذا قال :