Tafsir

Seeking Permission and the Etiquette of entering Houses

This is the Islamic etiquette. Allah taught these manners (of seeking permission) to His believing servants and commanded them not to enter houses other than their own until they had asked permission, i.e., to ask for permission before entering and to give the greeting of Salam after asking. One should seek permission three times, and if permission is given, (he may enter), otherwise he should go away.

It was reported in the Sahih that when Abu Musa asked `Umar three times for permission to enter and he did not give him permission, he went away. Then `Umar said, "Did I not hear the voice of `Abdullah bin Qays asking for permission to enter Let him come in." So they looked for him, but found that he had gone. When he came later on, `Umar said, "Why did you go away" He said, "I asked for permission to enter three times, but permission was not given to me, and I heard the Prophet say,«إِذَا اسْتَأْذَنَ أَحَدُكُمْ ثَلَاثًا فَلَمْ يُؤْذَنْ لَهُ فَلْيَنْصَرِفْ»(If any one of you asks for permission three times and it is not given, then let him go away.)" `Umar said, "You should certainly bring me evidence for this or I shall beat you!" So he went to a group of the Ansar and told them what `Umar said. They said, "No one will give testimony for you but the youngest of us." So Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri went with him and told `Umar about that.

`Umar said, "What kept me from learning that was my being busy in the marketplace." Imam Ahmad recorded a narration stating that Anas or someone else said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ asked for permission to enter upon Sa`d bin `Ubadah. He said:«السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ»(As-Salamu `Alayka wa Rahmatullah) Sa`d said, "Wa `Alaykas-Salam Wa Rahmatullah," but the Prophet did not hear the returned greeting until he had given the greeting three times and Sa`d had returned the greeting three times, but he did not let him hear him i.e., Sa`d responded in a low voice. So the Prophet went back, and Sa`d followed him and said,"O Messenger of Allah, may my father and mother be ransomed for you! You did not give any greeting but I responded to you, but I did not let you hear me. I wanted to get more of your Salams and blessings." Then he admitted him to his house and offered him some raisins.

The Prophet ate, and when he finished, he said,«أَكَلَ طَعَامَكُمُ الْأَبْرَارُ، وَصَلَّتْ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ، وَأَفْطَرَ عِنْدَكُمُ الصَّائِمُونَ»(May the righteous eat your food, may the angels send blessings upon you and may those who are fasting break their fast with you.) It should also be known that the one who is seeking permission to enter should not stand directly in front of the door; he should have the door on his right or left, because of the Hadith recorded by Abu Dawud from `Abdullah bin Busr, who said, "When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to someone's door, he would never stand directly in front of it, but to the right or left, and he would say,«السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ، السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ»(As-Salamu `Alaykum, As-Salamu `Alaykum.) That was because at that time the houses had no covers or curtains over their doorways." This report was recorded by Abu Dawud only.

In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:«لَوْ أَنَّ امْرَءًا اطَّلَعَ عَلَيْكَ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنٍ فَخَذَفْتَهُ بِحَصَاةٍ فَفَقَأْتَ عَيْنَهُ، مَا كَانَ عَلَيْكَ مِنْ جُنَاحٍ»(If a person looks into your house without your permission, and you throw a stone at him and it puts his eye out, there will be no blame on you.) The Group recorded that Jabir said, "I came to the Prophet with something that was owed by my father and knocked at the door. He said,«مَنْ ذَا؟»(Who is that) I said, "I am!" He said,«أَنَا أَنَا»(I I) as if he disliked it." He did not like it because this word tells you nothing about who is saying it, unless he clearly states his name or the name by which he is known, (nickname) otherwise everyone could call himself "Me", and it does not fulfill the purpose of asking permission to enter, which is to put people at their ease, as commanded in the Ayah. Al-`Awfi narrated from Ibn `Abbas, "Putting people at ease means seeking permission to enter." This was also the view of others.

Imam Ahmad recorded from Kaladah bin Al-Hanbal that at the time of the Conquest (of Makkah), Safwan bin Umayyah sent him with milk, a small gazelle, and small cucumbers when the Prophet was at the top of the valley. He said, "I entered upon the Prophet and I did not give the greeting of Salam nor ask for permission to enter. The Prophet said,«ارْجِعْ فَقُلْ: السَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ أَأَدْخُلُ؟»(Go back and say: "As-Salamu `Alaykum, may I enter") This was after Safwan had become Muslim." This was also recorded by Abu Dawud, At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasa'i. At-Tirmidhi said, "Hasan Gharib." Ibn Jurayj said that he heard `Ata' bin Abi Rabah narrating that Ibn `Abbas, may Alah be pleased with him, said, "There are three Ayat whose rulings people neglect. Allah says,إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عَندَ اللَّهِ أَتْقَـكُمْ(Verily, the most honorable of you with Allah is the one who has the most Taqwa) 49:13, But (now) they say that the most honorable of them with Allah is the one who has the biggest house.

As for seeking permission, the people have forgotten all about it." I said, "Should I seek permission to enter upon my orphan sisters who are living with me in one house" He said, "Yes." I asked him to make allowances for me but he refused and said, "Do you want to see them naked" I said, "No." He said, "Then ask for permission to enter." I asked him again and he said, "Do you want to obey Allah" I said, "Yes." He said, "Then ask for permission." Ibn Jurayj said, "Ibn Tawus told me that his father said, `There are no women whom I hate to see naked more than those who are my Mahrams.' He was very strict on this point." Ibn Jurayj narrated that Az-Zuhri said, "I heard Huzayl bin Shurahbil Al-Awdi Al-A`ma (say that) he heard Ibn Mas`ud say, `You have to seek permission to enter upon your mothers."' Ibn Jurayj said, "I said to `Ata': `Does a man have to seek permission to enter upon his wife' He said, `No, it can be understood that this is not obligatory, but it is better for him to let her know that he is coming in so as not to startle her, because she may be in a state where she does not want him to see her.

"' Abu Ja`far bin Jarir narrated from the nephew of Zaynab -- the wife of `Abdullah bin Mas`ud -- that Zaynab, may Allah be pleased with her, said, "When `Abdullah came back from some errand and reached the door, he would clear his throat and spit, because he did not want to come suddenly and find us in a state he disliked." Its chain of narration is Sahih.يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لاَ تَدْخُلُواْ بُيُوتاً غَيْرَ بُيُوتِكُمْ حَتَّى تَسْتَأْنِسُواْ وَتُسَلِّمُواْ عَلَى أَهْلِهَا(O you who believe! Enter not houses other than your own, until you have asked permission and greeted those in them;) Muqatil bin Hayyan said: "During the Jahiliyyah, when a man met his friend, he would not greet him with Salam; rather he would say "Huyyita Sabahan" or "Huyyita Masa'an" equivalent to "Good morning" or "Good evening". This was the greeting among the people at that time. They did not seek permission to enter one another's houses; a man might walk straight in and say, "I have come in," and so on. This was difficult for a man to bear, as he might be with his wife.

So Allah changed all that by enjoining covering and chastity, making it pure and free of any sin or impropriety. So Allah said:يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لاَ تَدْخُلُواْ بُيُوتاً غَيْرَ بُيُوتِكُمْ حَتَّى تَسْتَأْنِسُواْ وَتُسَلِّمُواْ عَلَى أَهْلِهَا(O you who believe! Enter not houses other than your own, until you have asked permission and greeted those in them...) What Muqatil said is good. Allah said:ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ(that is better for you,) meaning, seeking permission to enter in is better for you because it is better for both parties, the one who is seeking permission to enter and the people inside the house.لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ(in order that you may remember.)فَإِن لَّمْ تَجِدُواْ فِيهَآ أَحَداً فَلاَ تَدْخُلُوهَا حَتَّى يُؤْذَنَ لَكُمُ(And if you find no one therein, still enter not until permission has been given.) This has to do with the way in which one deals with other people's property without their permission.

If he wants to, he can give permission, and if he wants to he can refrain from giving permission.وَإِن قِيلَ لَكُمْ ارْجِعُواْ فَارْجِعُواْ هُوَ أَزْكَى لَكُمْ(And if you are asked to go back, go back, for it is purer for you.) means, if you are turned away at the door, before or after permission has been given,فَارْجِعُواْ هُوَ أَزْكَى لَكُمْ(go back, for it is purer for you.) means, going back is purer and better for you.وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ عَلِيمٌ(And Allah is All-Knower of what you do.) Qatadah said that one of the emigrants said: "All my life I tried to follow this Ayah, but if I asked for permission to enter upon one of my brothers and he asked me to go back, I could not do so happily, although Allah says,وَإِن قِيلَ لَكُمْ ارْجِعُواْ فَارْجِعُواْ هُوَ أَزْكَى لَكُمْ وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ عَلِيمٌ(And if you are asked to go back, go back, for it is purer for you.

And Allah is All-Knower of what you do.)"وَإِن قِيلَ لَكُمْ ارْجِعُواْ فَارْجِعُواْ(And if you are asked to go back, go back....) Sa`id bin Jubayr said, "This means, do not stand at people's doors."لَّيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَدْخُلُواْ بُيُوتاً غَيْرَ مَسْكُونَةٍ(There is no sin on you that you enter houses uninhabited,) This Ayah is more specific than the one that comes before it, because it states that it is permissible to enter houses where there is nobody, if one has a reason for doing so, such as houses that are prepared for guests -- if he has been given permission once, then this is sufficient. Ibn Jurayj said, "Ibn `Abbas said:لاَ تَدْخُلُواْ بُيُوتاً غَيْرَ بُيُوتِكُمْ(Enter not houses other than your own, ) then this was abrogated and an exception was made, and Allah said:لَّيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَدْخُلُواْ بُيُوتاً غَيْرَ مَسْكُونَةٍ فِيهَا مَتَاعٌ لَّكُمْ(There is no sin on you that you enter houses uninhabited, (when) you have any interest in them.) This was also narrated from `Ikrimah and Al-Hasan Al-Basri.

Commentary

The fifth injunction regarding mutual meetings and asking permission before entering anyone's home

Right from the beginning of Surah An-Nur it is enjoined to curb the obscenity and immorality in the society, and to restrain this, various punishments are prescribed. Then labeling of false accusation on someone is condemned. After that such injunctions are enjoined which can check these obscenities and safeguard the chastity and continence, and also create an atmosphere to eliminate the conditions of their development. The issues and instructions regarding seeking permission before entering anyone's house (Isti'dhan) also fall within these injunctions. Hence, entering in anyone's house or to peep in without the permission of the owner has been prohibited. The wisdom in this instruction is that one should not cast an eye on women who are not one's mahram (with whom marriage is prohibited). In the above verses various instructions are given against various types of houses.

There are four categories of houses. One, in which one lives, where there is no possibility of the presence of some stranger. Two, where someone else is also residing, irrespective of being mahram or not, and where there is a possibility of someone's entry. Three, where there are both possibilities that someone is living or the house is empty. Four, a house which is not specified for anyone's living, such as, a mosque, school, monastery, shrine etc., where all people go in. Out of these four categories it is obvious that there is no need of asking permission to go in the houses of the first kind. Hence, the first category is not mentioned specifically in these verses, but for the other three categories injunctions are spelled out.

An important aspect of Qur’ anic social ethic is that if you go to meet someone, first ask the permission and do not enter in anyone's house without permission.

It is a pity that the amount of importance Islam has attached to ethics of visiting someone by providing detailed instructions about them in the Qur'an, and which were strongly emphasized by the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، both by practice and oral teachings, the present day Muslims neglect them by the same margin. Even the pious and educated people do not regard this a sin, nor do they make an effort to act on them. The other civilized nations of the world have adopted them to improve their society, but the Muslims have lagged behind them all. This was the very first Islamic injunction which was overlooked by the Muslims to begin with. It is worth noting that seeking permission (Isti'dhan) is that injunction of the Holy Qur'an in which even the slightest laxity or alteration is termed by Sayyidna Ibn ` Abbas ؓ as the rejection of the Qur'an itself. As a matter of fact now people overlook these injunctions so much as if they are not part of the Holy Qur'an.

إِنَّا لِلَّـهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَ‌اجِعُونَWisdom of seeking permission (Isti'dhan)Allah Ta’ ala has provided every person a place where he lives, whether he owns it or has acquired it on rent. Such a place is his home, and the real purpose of a home is to provide comfort and tranquility. When the Holy Qur'an has referred to one's home as a great blessing of Allah, it has an indication towards this basic objective of a home. The Qur'an says, جَعَلَ لَكُم مِّن بُيُوتِكُمْ سَكَنًا (16:80) It means that Allah has given you peace and comfort through your homes. One can enjoy peace and comfort in his home only when he can live there without the interference of anyone else, and can rest and work at will. Any interference in his freedom is tantamount to killing the very purpose of the home, which is naturally very damaging. Islam has prohibited harming anyone without any cause. A great wisdom in the injunction of seeking permission is to save people from interference of others and its consequent ill effects, which is obligatory on all peace loving people.

The other consideration in the injunction is for the visitor himself, in that if he would go in to meet someone after taking permission, then the host will also reciprocate his gesture by giving him due importance and respect. If his visit is with purpose then the host will be sympathetic and try to meet his need. On the other hand, if he would go in to call on someone without taking his permission, like an uncouth, then naturally he would not be so welcome, and the host would like to get rid of him as quickly as possible. Even if the host had any sympathy toward him, it would be reduced, and the sin for causing trouble to a Muslim would be additional.

The third consideration is the elimination of obscenity and immorality. If one enters someone's home without taking prior permission, the possibility is that he might see the ladies of the house, which may lead to temptations. It is for this reason that the injunctions on seeking permission are placed next to punishment of adultery and punishment of false accusation etc.

The fourth consideration is that sometimes one is busy in the solitude of his home doing something which he does not want others to see. If someone comes into his house unannounced, then that act will be known to others, which he wanted to conceal. Any attempt to disclose the secrets of others is also a sin and a source of vexation. Some issues concerning seeking permission have been described in the above verses themselves, so they should be considered first. Other related issues will be dealt with later.

Ruling

In these verses the address is with the phrase يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا (0 those who believe) which is used for men, (because the relative pronoun in the text الَّذِينَ is originally of masculine gender) but women are also included in the injunction, like other Qur'anic injunctions, which are normally addressed to men but women are included in them, except in some cases where it is expressly mentioned that they are exclusive for men. Therefore, wives of the Sahabah included themselves in the address of the present verse and acted accordingly. Whenever they would visit any one's house, they used to seek permission. Sayyidah Umm Iyas ؓ has said ` We were four women who used to visit frequently Sayyidah ` A'ishah ؓ together, and used to seek permission before going in the house, and would enter only after she had permitted'. (Ibn Kathir on the authority of Ibn Abi Hatim)Ruling

It is clear from the universality of this verse that on a visit to anyone's house the injunction of seeking permission is common to all, whether men or women, Mahram or non-Mahram. Either a woman goes to visit another woman, or a man goes to visit another man, it is obligatory on all to seek permission. Similarly, if a man visits his mother, sisters or any other Mahram woman, he should seek permission. Imam Malik (رح) has narrated in Muwatta' quoting ` Ata Ibn Yasar رحمۃ اللہ علیہم that someone enquired from the Holy Prophet ﷺ whether he should seek permission before going to his mother. He said ` Yes, do seek permission'. Then that fellow said '0 Messenger of Allah, I live with my mother in the same house'. He said even then you should not enter the house without taking permission. He asked again "0 Messenger of Allah ﷺ ! ` I am always at her service'. He ﷺ replied, ` You should still ask her permission. Would you like that you see your mother naked? He said ` No, no'.

Then the Holy Prophet ﷺ said ` It is for this reason that you should seek permission, because there is a possibility that she might have uncovered some of her coverable parts in the house for some need'. (Mazhari)One learns from this Hadith that the word "other than your own houses" in the phrase غَيْرَ‌ بُيُوتِكُمْ (24:27) as it appears in the Qur’ an, refers to those houses where one lives alone and no one else, like parents, brothers or sisters reside with him. (It is only in this case that seeking permission is not necessary).

Ruling

If someone is living alone in the house with his wife, even then it is preferable and a sunnah to make some sort of sound, such as hem or thump, before entering, in order to make known his incoming, although seeking permission is not obligatory in this case. Sayyidna ` Abdullah Ibn Mas` ud's wife ؓ has reported that whenever ` Abdullah ؓ would come in the house, he would always make a hemming sound at the door to announce his arrival before entering, so that he should not see us in a condition that he would like to avoid. (Ibn Kathir quoting Ibn Jarir with an authentic chain). In another situation Ibn Juraij inquired from ` Ata (رح) whether it is obligatory to seek permission before going in one's own house to his wife, and he said ` no'. Ibn Kathir after quoting this version has explained that what it means is that it is not obligatory but preferable.

The Traditional way of seeking permission

The procedure for seeking permission, as explained in the verse is حَتَّىٰ تَسْتَأْنِسُوا وَتُسَلِّمُوا عَلَىٰ أَهْلِهَا (24:27) that is do not enter into any one's house until carrying out two things. First, Isti'nas - its literal meaning is to seekacquaintance. Majority of commentators have taken this word for isti'dhan, that is to take permission. By the use of word Isti'nas instead of isti'dhan there is a hint that in taking permission before entering, the host gets acquainted with the visitor through his voice and the element of surprise is removed. The second requirement is greeting the inmates of the house with salam. Some commentators have elaborated it as; one should first seek permission and on entering the house should greet the inmates. Qurtubi has also adopted this explanation that one should first seek permission, and when it is granted, only then go in and greet the hosts.

Sayyidna Abu Ayyub Ansari's ؓ Hadith also corresponds well with this explanation, to which Mawardi has added further that if the visitor happens to see an inmate of the house before seeking permission, then he should first greet him, and then seek permission to go in, otherwise one should first seek permission and then greet on entering. But the procedure that seems to be masnun through narrations of Hadith, is that one should first greet from outside with Assalamu Alaikum ( السلام علیکم) and then by announcing big name should seek permission to go in.

Imam Bukhari (رح) in his al-Adab ul-Mufrad has quoted on the authority of Sayyidna Abu Huraira ؓ that if someone seeks permission before greeting, the host need not reply (because he has deviated from the practice adopted by the Holy Prophet ﷺ) (Ruh al-Ma ani) Abu Dawud has narrated in his Hadith that someone from Bani ` Amir sought permission from the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، saying أألِجُ (that is, can I thrust in?). On hearing that the Holy Prophet ﷺ said to his servant, "this man does not know how to seek permission. Go to him and explain to him that the permission should be sought by saying السلام علیکم أأدخل (that is, Assalamu` Alaikum, can I come in?). Before the servant could go out that fellow himself said 'Assalamu Alaikum السلام علیکم أأدخل as he had heard the instruction of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . Then he permitted him to come in. (Ibn Kathir)Baihaqi has narrated in Shu` ab-ul-'Iman on the authority of Sayyidna Jabir (رح) that the Holy Prophet ﷺ once said لا تأذنوا لمن لم یبدأ بالسلام ، that is ` Do not let in the one who does not greet before seeking permission'. (Mazhari).

In this case the Holy Prophet ﷺ has made two corrections. One, that one should greet first. Two, that he had used the word اَدخُلُ instead of اَلِجُ , which was not proper, because the word is derived from wuluj (وُلُوج) which means, to make an entry with force into a narrow space. This expression is against all ethics. In any case, one learns from these narrations that the instruction of greetings given in the Qur'anic verses relate to the greeting for seeking permission, which is offered from outside the house for inviting the attention of the inmates. On entering the house, the greetings should be repeated in the usual manner.

Ruling

The procedure of greeting first and then seeking permission for entry, as has been established by various Ahadith, can best be followed if the visitor himself announces his name for seeking permission. This was exactly the practice of Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ . He used to announce at the door of the Holy Prophet ﷺ السّلام علی رسول اللہ، السلام علیکم أیدخل عمر ؟ that is, after the greetings whether Umar ؓ can come in. (Ibn Kathir etc.) Sahih of Muslim has narrated that Sayyidna Abu Musa al-Ash` ari ؓ went to see Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ and sought permission to get in by saying ھٰذا ابو موسٰی، السلام علیکم ھٰذا الاشعری (Qurtubi). First he gave his name as Abu Musa and then for further clarification added Ash'ari. This is to help the host recognize the caller immediately and respond quickly, for without recognizing the visitor the host may hesitate to give permission for getting in.

Ruling

Some people adopt the worst possible practice in this regard that they ask permission from outside to come in without disclosing their identity. And when the host inquires as to who was there, they would answer ` It is me'. This is not the right answer to the host. If he has not recognized the voice on the first call, how can he recognize with the answer - ` it is me'.

Al-Khatib a1-Baghdadi has reported in his Jami` quoting ` Ali Ibn 'Asim al-Wasiti that when he went to Basrah he went to see Sayyidna Mughira Ibn Shu'bah ؓ ، and knocked at his door. Sayyidna Mughirah ؓ inquired from inside as to who was there. He answered Ana (انا) that is It is me'. So, Sayyidna Mughirah ؓ said ` I do not have anyone among my friends by the name Ana' (انا). Then he went out and related the Hadith to him that one day Sayyidna Jabir Ibn ` Abdullah ؓ went to see the Holy Prophet ﷺ and knocked at his door. The Holy Prophet ﷺ inquired from inside as to who was there, and Jabir said Ana (انا) that is It is me'. Then the Holy Prophet ﷺ repeated the words ` Ana Ana' (انا انا) to explain that there is no point in saying Ana, Ana, as no one can be recognized by this word.

Ruling

There is yet another very wrong practice which is commonly observed these days even by the educated people, and that is they would knock at the door and when the inmates would enquire from inside as to who was there, they do not reply at all and remain silent. This is the worst practice to tease the host, as he remains in suspense about the identity of the visitor, and the very spirit of seeking permission is defeated.

Ruling

This has also been established by these narrations that it is also a correct procedure of seeking permission to knock at the door, provided one tells his name at the same time.

Ruling

If one knocks at the door, it should not be so strong that the inmates get upset, rather it should be mild with the sole purpose of letting the inmates know that someone is at the door. Those who used to knock at the door of the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، they used to knock with their nails in a manner that the sound should not be loud enough to disturb him. (As narrated by Al-Khatib in his Jami` - Qurtubi) If one understands the spirit behind isti'dhan that it is meant to seek permission with familiarization (isti'nas) of the caller, then automatically he would take care of all those things which could possibly trouble the host. at is required is to knock gently and announce the name for familiarization.

Important Warning

These days people do not pay any attention toward seeking permission, which is a clear sin for forsaking an obligation. But on the other hand there are some problems in our time for those who do want to take permission in the prescribed manner, that is first offer greetings from outside and then seek permission by announcing their name. One problem is that the host to whom they want their voice to reach is not available close to the door, hence it is difficult to convey to him the sound of greetings and the name of the caller. Therefore, the important thing to note is that the spirit of the injunction is not to enter anyone's house without permission. There may be different forms of seeking permission in different places in different times. One such form is to knock at the door, which is established by the record of Hadith. In the present time people fix up bells at their doors. It is sufficient for carrying out the obligation of seeking permission to press the button of the bell, provided the caller also announces his name after that in an audible voice for the host.

Apart from this, it is also in order to adopt any other method of seeking permission in vogue at any place. The present day system of sending in visiting cards to disclose the identity of the caller is a good practice in that not only the name of the caller but also his address is made known to the host without any effort on his part, which fulfils the spirit behind isti'dhan. Therefore, there is no harm in adopting this system.

هذه آداب شرعية ، أدب الله بها عباده المؤمنين ، وذلك في الاستئذان أمر الله المؤمنين ألا يدخلوا بيوتا غير بيوتهم حتى يستأنسوا ، أي : يستأذنوا قبل الدخول ويسلموا بعده . وينبغي أن يستأذن ثلاثا ، فإن أذن له ، وإلا انصرف ، كما ثبت في الصحيح : أن أبا موسى حين استأذن على عمر ثلاثا ، فلم يؤذن له ، انصرف . ثم قال عمر : ألم أسمع صوت عبد الله بن قيس يستأذن؟ ائذنوا له . فطلبوه فوجدوه قد ذهب ، فلما جاء بعد ذلك قال : ما رجعك؟ قال : إني استأذنت ثلاثا فلم يؤذن لي ، وإني سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول : " إذا استأذن أحدكم ثلاثا ، فلم يؤذن له ، فلينصرف " . فقال : لتأتين على هذا ببينة وإلا أوجعتك ضربا . فذهب إلى ملأ من الأنصار ، فذكر لهم ما قال عمر ، فقالوا : لا يشهد لك إلا أصغرنا . فقام معه أبو سعيد الخدري فأخبر عمر بذلك ، فقال : ألهاني عنه الصفق بالأسواق .وقال الإمام أحمد : حدثنا عبد الرزاق ، أخبرنا معمر عن ثابت ، عن أنس - أو : غيره أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم استأذن على سعد بن عبادة فقال : " السلام عليك ورحمة الله " . فقال سعد : وعليك السلام ورحمة الله ولم يسمع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم حتى سلم ثلاثا . ورد عليه سعد ثلاثا ولم يسمعه .

فرجع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ، واتبعه سعد فقال : يا رسول الله ، بأبي أنت وأمي ، ما سلمت تسليمة إلا وهي بأذني ، ولقد رددت عليك ولم أسمعك ، وأردت أن أستكثر من سلامك ومن البركة . ثم أدخله البيت ، فقرب إليه زبيبا ، فأكل نبي الله . فلما فرغ قال : " أكل طعامكم الأبرار ، وصلت عليكم الملائكة ، وأفطر عندكم الصائمون " .وقد روى أبو داود والنسائي ، من حديث أبي عمرو الأوزاعي : سمعت يحيى بن أبي كثير يقول : حدثني محمد بن عبد الرحمن بن سعد بن زرارة ، عن قيس بن سعد - هو ابن عبادة - قال : زارنا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في منزلنا ، فقال : " السلام عليكم ورحمة الله " . فرد سعد ردا خفيا ، قال قيس : فقلت : ألا تأذن لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم؟ فقال : ذره يكثر علينا من السلام . فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " السلام عليكم ورحمة الله " . فرد سعد ردا خفيا ، ثم قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " السلام عليكم ورحمة الله " ثم رجع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، واتبعه سعد فقال : يا رسول الله ، إني كنت أسمع تسليمك ، وأرد عليك ردا خفيا ، لتكثر علينا من السلام .

قال : فانصرف معه [ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، فأمر له سعد بغسل ، فاغتسل ، ثم ناوله ملحفة مصبوغة ] بزعفران - أو : ورس - فاشتمل بها ، ثم رفع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يديه وهو يقول : " اللهم اجعل صلاتك ورحمتك على آل سعد بن عبادة " . قال : ثم أصاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من الطعام ، فلما أراد الانصراف قرب إليه سعد حمارا قد وطأ عليه بقطيفة ، فركب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال سعد : يا قيس ، اصحب رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم . قال قيس : فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " اركب " . فأبيت ، فقال : " إما أن تركب وإما أن تنصرف " . قال : فانصرفت .وقد روي هذا من وجه آخر فهو حديث جيد قوي ، والله أعلم .ثم ليعلم أنه ينبغي للمستأذن على أهل المنزل ألا يقف تلقاء الباب بوجهه ، ولكن ليكن الباب ، عن يمينه أو يساره; لما رواه أبو داود : حدثنا مؤمل بن الفضل الحراني - في آخرين - قالوا : حدثنا بقية ، حدثنا محمد بن عبد الرحمن ، عن عبد الله بن بسر قال : كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا أتى باب قوم ، لم يستقبل الباب من تلقاء وجهه ، ولكن من ركنه الأيمن أو الأيسر ، ويقول : " السلام عليكم ، السلام عليكم " . وذلك أن الدور لم يكن عليها يومئذ ستور .

تفرد به أبو داود .وقال أبو داود أيضا : حدثنا عثمان بن أبي شيبة ، حدثنا جرير ، ( ح ) قال أبو داود : وحدثنا أبو بكر بن أبي شيبة ، حدثنا حفص ، عن الأعمش ، عن طلحة ، عن هزيل قال : جاء رجل - قال عثمان : سعد - فوقف على باب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يستأذن ، فقام على الباب - قال عثمان : مستقبل الباب - فقال له النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم : " هكذا عنك - أو : هكذا - فإنما الاستئذان من النظر " .وقد رواه أبو داود الطيالسي ، عن سفيان الثوري ، عن الأعمش عن طلحة بن مصرف ، عن رجل ، عن سعد ، عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم . رواه أبو داود من حديثه .وفي الصحيحين ، عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال : " لو أن امرأ اطلع عليك بغير إذن فخذفته بحصاة ، ففقأت عينه ، ما كان عليك من جناح " .وأخرج الجماعة من حديث شعبة ، عن محمد بن المنكدر ، عن جابر قال : أتيت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في دين كان على أبي ، فدققت الباب ، فقال : " من ذا " ؟ قلت : أنا .

قال : " أنا ، أنا " كأنه كرهه .وإنما كره ذلك لأن هذه اللفظة لا يعرف صاحبها حتى يفصح باسمه أو كنيته التي هو مشهور بها ، وإلا فكل أحد يعبر عن نفسه ب " أنا " ، فلا يحصل بها المقصود من الاستئذان ، الذي هو الاستئناس المأمور به في الآية .وقال العوفي ، عن ابن عباس : الاستئناس : الاستئذان . وكذا قال غير واحد .وقال ابن جرير : حدثنا ابن بشار ، حدثنا محمد بن جعفر ، حدثنا شعبة ، عن أبي بشر ، عن سعيد بن جبير ، عن ابن عباس في هذه الآية : ( لا تدخلوا بيوتا غير بيوتكم حتى تستأنسوا وتسلموا ) قال : إنما هي خطأ من الكاتب ، " حتى تستأذنوا وتسلموا " .وهكذا رواه هشيم ، عن أبي بشر - وهو جعفر بن إياس - به . وروى معاذ بن سليمان ، عن جعفر بن إياس ، عن سعيد ، عن ابن عباس ، بمثله ، وزاد : وكان ابن عباس يقرأ : " حتى تستأذنوا وتسلموا " ، وكان يقرأ على قراءة أبي بن كعب رضي الله عنه .وهذا غريب جدا عن ابن عباس .وقال هشيم أخبرنا مغيرة ، عن إبراهيم قال : في مصحف ابن مسعود : " حتى تسلموا على أهلها وتستأذنوا " .

وهذا أيضا رواية عن ابن عباس ، وهو اختيار ابن جرير .وقد قال الإمام أحمد : حدثنا روح ، حدثنا ابن جريج ، أخبرني عمرو بن أبي سفيان : أن عمرو بن أبي صفوان أخبره ، أن كلدة بن الحنبل أخبره ، أن صفوان بن أمية بعثه في الفتح بلبأ وجداية وضغابيس ، والنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بأعلى الوادي . قال : فدخلت عليه ولم أسلم ولم أستأذن . فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم : " ارجع فقل : السلام عليكم ، أأدخل؟ " وذلك بعدما أسلم صفوان .ورواه أبو داود والترمذي والنسائي من حديث ابن جريج ، به وقال الترمذي : حسن غريب ، لا نعرفه إلا من حديثه .وقال أبو داود : حدثنا أبو بكر بن أبي شيبة ، حدثنا أبو الأحوص ، عن منصور ، عن ربعي قال : حدثنا رجل من بني عامر استأذن على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ، وهو في بيته ، فقال : أألج؟ فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لخادمه : " اخرج إلى هذا فعلمه الاستئذان ، فقل له : قل : السلام عليكم ، أأدخل؟ " فسمعه الرجل فقال : السلام عليكم ، أأدخل؟ فأذن له النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ، فدخل .وقال هشيم : أخبرنا منصور ، عن ابن سيرين - وأخبرنا يونس بن عبيد ، عن عمرو بن سعيد الثقفي - أن رجلا استأذن على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال : أألج - أو : أنلج؟

- فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لأمة له ، يقال لها روضة : " قومي إلى هذا فعلميه ، فإنه لا يحسن يستأذن ، فقولي له يقول : السلام عليكم ، أأدخل " . فسمعها الرجل ، فقالها ، فقال : " ادخل " .وقال الترمذي : حدثنا الفضل بن الصباح ، حدثنا سعيد بن زكريا ، عن عنبسة بن عبد الرحمن ، عن محمد بن زاذان ، عن محمد بن المنكدر ، عن جابر بن عبد الله قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " السلام قبل الكلام " .ثم قال الترمذي : عنبسة ضعيف الحديث ذاهب ، ومحمد بن زاذان منكر الحديث .وقال هشيم : قال مغيرة : قال مجاهد : جاء ابن عمر من حاجة ، وقد آذاه الرمضاء ، فأتى قسطاط امرأة من قريش ، فقال : السلام عليكم ، أأدخل؟ قالت : ادخل بسلام . فأعاد ، فأعادت ، وهو يراوح بين قدميه ، قال : قولي : ادخل . قالت : ادخل ، فدخل .وقال ابن أبي حاتم : حدثنا أبو سعيد الأشج ، حدثنا أبو نعيم الأحول ، حدثنا خالد بن إياس ، حدثتني جدتي أم إياس قالت : كنت في أربع نسوة نستأذن [ على عائشة ] فقلت : ندخل؟ قالت : لا ، قلن لصاحبتكن : تستأذن . فقالت : السلام عليكم ، أندخل؟

قالت : ادخلوا ، ثم قالت : ( يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تدخلوا بيوتا غير بيوتكم حتى تستأنسوا وتسلموا على أهلها ) [ الآية ] .وقال هشيم : أخبرنا أشعث بن سوار ، عن كردوس ، عن ابن مسعود قال : عليكم أن تستأذنوا على أمهاتكم وأخواتكم . قال أشعث ، عن عدي بن ثابت : إن امرأة من الأنصار قالت : يا رسول الله ، إني أكون في منزلي على الحال التي لا أحب أن يراني أحد عليها ، والد ولا ولد ، وإنه لا يزال يدخل علي رجل من أهلي ، وأنا على تلك الحال؟ قال : فنزلت : ( يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تدخلوا بيوتا غير بيوتكم حتى تستأنسوا وتسلموا على أهلها ) .وقال ابن جريج : سمعت عطاء بن أبي رباح يخبر عن ابن عباس ، رضي الله عنه ، قال : ثلاث آيات جحدها الناس : قال الله : ( إن أكرمكم عند الله أتقاكم ) [ الحجرات : 13 ] ، قال : ويقولون : إن أكرمهم عند الله أعظمهم بيتا . قال : والإذن كله قد جحده الناس . قال : قلت : أستأذن على أخواتي أيتام في حجري ، معي في بيت واحد؟ قال : نعم . فرددت ليرخص لي ، فأبى . قال : تحب أن تراها عريانة؟ قلت : لا . قال : فاستأذن . قال : فراجعته أيضا ، فقال : أتحب أن تطيع الله؟ قلت : نعم . قال : فاستأذن .قال ابن جريج : وأخبرني ابن طاوس عن أبيه قال : ما من امرأة أكره إلي أن أرى عريتها من ذات محرم .

قال : وكان يشدد في ذلك .وقال ابن جريج ، عن الزهري : سمعت هزيل بن شرحبيل الأودي الأعمى ، أنه سمع ابن مسعود يقول : عليكم الإذن على أمهاتكم .وقال ابن جريج : قلت لعطاء : أيستأذن الرجل على امرأته؟ قال : لا .وهذا محمول على عدم الوجوب ، وإلا فالأولى أن يعلمها بدخوله ولا يفاجئها به ، لاحتمال أن تكون على هيئة لا تحب أن يراها عليها .وقال أبو جعفر بن جرير : حدثنا القاسم ، [ قال ] حدثنا الحسين ، حدثنا محمد بن حازم عن الأعمش ، عن عمرو بن مرة ، عن يحيى بن الجزار ، عن ابن أخي زينب - امرأة عبد الله بن مسعود - ، عن زينب ، رضي الله عنها ، قالت : كان عبد الله إذا جاء من حاجة فانتهى إلى الباب ، تنحنح وبزق; كراهية أن يهجم منا على أمر يكرهه .

إسناد صحيح .وقال ابن أبي حاتم : حدثنا أحمد بن سنان الواسطي ، حدثنا عبد الله بن نمير ، حدثنا الأعمش ، عن عمرو بن مرة ، عن أبي هبيرة قال : كان عبد الله إذا دخل الدار استأنس - تكلم ورفع صوته .[ و ] قال مجاهد : ( حتى تستأنسوا ) قال : تنحنحوا - أو تنخموا .وعن الإمام أحمد بن حنبل ، رحمه الله ، أنه قال : إذا دخل الرجل بيته ، استحب له أن يتنحنح ، أو يحرك نعليه .ولهذا جاء في الصحيح ، عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : أنه نهى أن يطرق الرجل أهله طروقا - وفي رواية : ليلا يتخونهم .وفي الحديث الآخر : أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قدم المدينة نهارا ، فأناخ بظاهرها ، وقال : " انتظروا حتى تدخل عشاء - يعني : آخر النهار - حتى تمتشط الشعثة وتستحد المغيبة " .وقال ابن أبي حاتم : حدثنا أبي ، حدثنا أبو بكر بن أبي شيبة ، حدثنا عبد الرحمن بن سليمان ، عن واصل بن السائب ، حدثني أبو سورة ابن أخي أبي أيوب ، عن أبي أيوب قال : قلت : يا رسول الله ، هذا السلام ، فما الاستئناس؟ قال : " يتكلم الرجل بتسبيحة وتكبيرة وتحميدة ، ويتنحنح فيؤذن أهل البيت " . هذا حديث غريب .وقال قتادة في قوله : ( حتى تستأنسوا ) قال : هو الاستئذان . [ قال : وكان يقال : الاستئذان ] ثلاث ، فمن لم يؤذن له فيهن ، فليرجع .

أما الأولى : فليسمع الحي ، وأما الثانية : فليأخذوا حذرهم ، وأما الثالثة : فإن شاءوا أذنوا وإن شاءوا ردوا . ولا تقفن على باب قوم ردوك عن بابهم; فإن للناس حاجات ولهم أشغال ، والله أولى بالعذر .وقال مقاتل بن حيان في قوله : ( يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تدخلوا بيوتا غير بيوتكم حتى تستأنسوا وتسلموا على أهلها ) كان الرجل في الجاهلية إذا لقي صاحبه ، لا يسلم عليه ، ويقول : حييت صباحا وحييت مساء ، وكان ذلك تحية القوم بينهم . وكان أحدهم ينطلق إلى صاحبه فلا يستأذن حتى يقتحم ، ويقول : " قد دخلت " . فيشق ذلك على الرجل ، ولعله يكون مع أهله ، فغير الله ذلك كله ، في ستر وعفة ، وجعله نقيا نزها من الدنس والقذر والدرن ، فقال : ( يا أيها الذين آمنوا لا تدخلوا بيوتا غير بيوتكم حتى تستأنسوا وتسلموا على أهلها ) .وهذا الذي قاله مقاتل حسن; ولهذا قال : ( ذلكم خير لكم ) يعني : الاستئذان خير لكم ، بمعنى : هو خير للطرفين : للمستأذن ولأهل البيت ، ( . لعلكم تذكرون ) .