Tafsir

The Order to Fast

In an address to the believers of this Ummah, Allah ordered them to fast, that is, to abstain from food, drink and sexual activity with the intention of doing so sincerely for Allah the Exalted alone. This is because fasting purifies the souls and cleanses them from the evil that might mix with them and their ill behavior. Allah mentioned that He has ordained fasting for Muslims just as He ordained it for those before them, they being an example for them in that, so they should vigorously perform this obligation more obediently than the previous nations. Similarly, Allah said: لِكُلٍّ جَعَلْنَا مِنكُمْ شِرْعَةً وَمِنْهَـجاً وَلَوْ شَآءَ اللَّهُ لَجَعَلَكُمْ أُمَّةً وَحِدَةً وَلَـكِن لِّيَبْلُوَكُمْ فِى مَآ ءَاتَـكُم فَاسْتَبِقُوا الخَيْرَاتِ(To each among you, We have prescribed a law and a clear way.

If Allah had willed, He would have made you one nation, but that (He) may test you in what He has given you; so compete in good deeds.) (5:48) Allah said in this Ayah: يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ (O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may have Taqwa).) since the fast cleanses the body and narrows the paths of Shaytan. In the Sahihayn the following Hadith was recorded: «يَا مَعْشَرَ الشَّبَابِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ مِنْكُمُ الْبَاءَةَ فَلْيتَـزَوَّجْ وَمَنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِع فَعَلَيْهِ بِالصَّوْمِ فَإِنَّهُ لَهُ وِجَاء».(O young people! Whoever amongst you can afford marriage, let him marry. Whoever cannot afford it, let him fast, for it will be a shield for him.) Allah then states that the fast occurs during a fixed number of days, so that it does not become hard on the hearts, thereby weakening their resolve and endurance.) The various Stages of Fasting

Al-Bukhari and Muslim recorded that `A'ishah said, "(The day of) `Ashura' was a day of fasting. When the obligation to fast Ramadan was revealed, those who wished fasted, and those who wished did not." Al-Bukhari recorded the same from Ibn `Umar and Ibn Mas`ud. Allah said: وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ(...those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g., an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskin (poor person) (for every day).) Mu`adh commented, "In the beginning, those who wished, fasted and those who wished, did not fast and fed a poor person for each day." Al- Bukhari recorded Salamah bin Al-Akwa` saying that when the Ayah: وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ(...those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g., an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskin (poor person) (for every day).) was revealed, those who did not wish to fast, used to pay the Fidyah (feeding a poor person for each day they did not fast) until the following Ayah (2:185) was revealed abrogating the previous Ayah.

It was also reported from `Ubaydullah from Nafi` that Ibn `Umar said; "It was abrogated." As-Suddi reported that Murrah narrated that `Abdullah said about this Ayah: وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ(those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g., an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskin (poor person) (for every day).) "It means `those who find it difficult (to fast).' Formerly, those who wished, fasted and those who wished, did not but fed a poor person instead." Allah then said: فَمَن تَطَوَّعَ خَيْرًا(But whoever does good of his own accord) meaning whoever fed an extra poor person, فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَّهُ وَأَن تَصُومُواْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ(it is better for him. And that you fast is better for you) Later the Ayah: فَمَن شَهِدَ مِنكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ(So whoever of you sights (the crescent on the first night of) the month (of Ramadan, i.e., is present at his home), he must observe Sawm (fasting) that month) (2:185) was revealed and this abrogated the previous Ayah (2:184).

The Fidyah (Expiation) for breaking the Fast is for the Old and the Ailing

Al-Bukhari reported that `Ata heard Ibn `Abbas recite: وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ(And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g., an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskin (poor person) (for every day).) Ibn `Abbas then commented, "(This Ayah) was not abrogated, it is for the old man and the old woman who are able to fast with difficulty, but choose instead to feed a poor person for every day (they do not fast)." Others reported that Sa`id bin Jubayr mentioned this from Ibn `Abbas. So the abrogation here applies to the healthy person, who is not traveling and who has to fast, as Allah said: فَمَن شَهِدَ مِنكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ(So whoever of you sights (the crescent on the first night of) the month (of Ramadan, i.e., is present at his home), he must observe Sawm (fasting) that month.) (2:185) As for the old man (and woman) who cannot fast, he is allowed to abstain from fasting and does not have to fast another day instead, because he is not likely to improve and be able to fast other days.

So he is required to pay a Fidyah for every day missed. This is the opinion of Ibn `Abbas and several others among the Salaf who read the Ayah: وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ(And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g., an old man)) to mean those who find it difficult to fast as Ibn Mas`ud stated. This is also the opinion of Al-Bukhari who said, "As for the old man (person) who cannot fast, (he should do like) Anas who, for one or two years after he became old fed some bread and meat to a poor person for each day he did not fast." This point, which Al-Bukhari attributed to Anas without a chain of narrators, was collected with a continuous chain of narrators by Abu Ya`la Mawsuli in his Musnad, that Ayyub bin Abu Tamimah said; "Anas could no longer fast. So he made a plate of Tharid (broth, bread and meat) and invited thirty poor persons and fed them." The same ruling applies for the pregnant and breast-feeding women if they fear for themselves or their children or fetuses.

In this case, they pay the Fidyah and do not have to fast other days in place of the days that they missed.

Fasting When Sick

Verse 184 gives concession in the matter of fasting to a 'sick' person and to a person on journey'. The word 'sick' used here refers to a person who cannot fast without an unbearable hardship or has strong apprehension that his illness will be aggravated. The words "and (Allah) does not want hardship for you"occuring in the following verse (185) have a clear indication to this effect. This position is also accepted by the consensus of the Muslim jurists.

Fasting When In Travel

It will be noticed that while giving concession to a traveller, the Qur'anic text elects to use the phrase أَوْ عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ‌ (or on a journey) rather than the word, musafir مسا افر or 'traveller'. This is to point out that leaving home and going out is not enough to claim the exemption. The duration of the travel should be somewhat longer since the expression, ` ala safarin عَلَىٰ سَفَرٍ‌ means that one should have 'embarked' on a journey which does not mean going five or ten miles away from home. But, the precise duration of this journey has not been mentioned in the words of the Holy Qur'an. Guided by the statement of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and the subsequent practice of his blessed Companions, the great Imam, Abu Hanifah (رح) and many jurists have fixed this distance to be what can be covered in three days by walking in three daily stages. The later-day jurists have put it as 48 miles.

The other ruling that comes out from the same phrase, ` ala safarin عَلَىٰ سَفَر is that a traveller who leaves his home shall be entitled to having been exempted from fasting only upto the time his travel continues. It is obvious that stopping in between to rest or take care of something does not cut off his onward travel in the absolute sense, unless his stay be for a considerable period of time. This very considerable period of time has been set at fifteen days following a statement of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . Anyone who intends to stay at a given place for fifteen days shall not come under the umbrella of ` ala safarin, therefore, he shall not be deserving of the leave granted to one on 'a journey'.

Ruling. Right from here comes the ruling that anyone who intends to stay out for fifteen days, not at one place but at different places and towns, he shall continue to remain in the status of a 'traveller' and thereby shall continue to enjoy the concession of being 'on a journey' because he is in the state of ` ala safarin.

Making Qada' قضاء of the missed fast

The words of the text, فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ‌ literally translated as 'then, a number from other days' mean that a sick person or a traveller is obligated to fast during other days making the number match the number of days he could not fast. The purpose is to tell people that fasts abandoned because of the compulsion of sickness or journey must be replaced by making qada قضاء ' of them. Rather than using a simple statement to the effect that 'their replacement is on them', the Qur'anic text has said. فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ‌ which suggests that a sick person or a traveller will have to make qada' only when the sick person becomes healthy and the traveller returns home and gets to live on for the number of days he is required to replace the fasts he missed. So, one who dies before this happens, qada قضاء ' of fasts will not remain obligatory on him, nor will he be required to make a will for the payment of ransom (Fidyah فدیہ).

Ruling. In the Qur'anic provision, 'a number from other days', there is no restriction on qada قضاء 'fasts, they could be seriatim or random; the choice is open. Therefore, a person who has missed his fasts for the first ten days of Ramadan, could first fast in lieu of his tenth or ninth fast of Ramadan and replace the earlier ones missed later on; this brings no harm. Similarly, one can fast with gaps at his convenience which would be quite permissible since the wordings of the Qur'an in فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ‌ (then, a number from other days) leave the possibility open.

The Fidyah or Ransom for a Missed Fast

The verse وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ means that those who have the strength to fast and are not restricted by sickness or travel, but do not wish to do it for some reason, they have the option of paying, in lieu of a fast, ransom in the form of charity. However, along with this leave, it was simply added: 'And that you fast that is better for you'.

This injunction was valid in the early days of Islam when the purpose was to familiarize people to fasting. In the verse that follows, that is, فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ‌ (so, those of you who witness the month must fast therein), this injunction was abrogated for normal people. However, according to the consensus of the Ummah, it remained applicable to the people of very old age and to those who suffer from a permanent illness with no hope of recovery (Jassas and Mazhari).

All Imams of Hadith, such as, al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, al-Nasa'i, al-Tirmidhi, al-Tabarani and others have reported from the blessed Companion Salma ibn Akwa': When the verse, وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ (and on those who have the strength) was revealed, we were given the choice of either fasting or paying fidyah for each fast. However, when the other verse, فَمَن شَهِدَ مِنكُمُ الشَّهْرَ‌ فَلْيَصُمْهُ (those of you who witness the month must fast therein), was revealed, this choice was withdrawn and fasting alone became necessary for those who had the strength.

A long hadith from the blessed Companion, Mu` adh ibn Jabal ؓ reported in the Musnad of Ahmad describes three changes that came in Salah نماز during the early period of Islam, as well as, three changes in Sawm صوم . The three changes brought in the injunctions of fasting are as follows:When the Holy Prophet came to Madinah, he used to fast for three days in a month, and on the tenth of Muharram. Then the command to observe fasts in the month of Ramadan was revealed. Under the verse كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ (the fasts have been enjoined upon you), there was an option either to fast or to pay ransom, with a preference given to fasting. Then, Allah Almighty revealed the other verse, (those of you who witness the month must fast therein), which took away the option given to those who had the strength, and ordained fasting as the only alternative. However, the command remained valid for the very old who could pay ransom for fasts they missed.

After these two changes, there was a third change. In the beginning, the permission to eat, drink and have marital intimacy after اِفطار iftar was valid only if one did not sleep after breaking his fast Sleeping was taken to be an indicator of the beginning of the next fast in which, naturally, eating and drinking and marital intimacy are prohibited. Then, Allah Almighty revealed the verse, أُحِلَّ لَكُمْ لَيْلَةَ الصِّيَامِ الرَّ‌فَثُ إِلَىٰ نِسَائِكُمْ (It is made lawful for you, in the nights of fast, to have sex with your women), which made it permissible to eat, drink and have sex during the night until the break of dawn. The eating of suhur سُحُر or sahri سَحری soon after getting up in the early hours of dawn was declared to be the sunnah. This is corroborated by ahadith in al-Bukhari, Muslim and Ab

U Dawud. (Ibn Kathir)The amount of Ransom and other rulings

The ransom of one missed fast is half sa` of wheat, or its cost. Half sa` is equivalent to approximately 1.632 kilograms. After finding out the correct market price of wheat, the amount should be given to a poor person which will be the ransom of one missed fast. It should be borne in mind that this amount should not be given as part of wages given to those engaged in the service of a mosque or madrasah مدرسہ .

Ruling 1. The amount of ransom for one fast should not be distributed between two recipients. Similarly, it is not correct to give the ransom amount for several fasts to one person on a single date. Although, some scholars permit this, yet, as a matter of precaution, it is better not to give the ransom amount of several fasts to one person on one single date. However, if someone does not observe this precaution, the ransom may be treated as valid. (See Shmi, Bayan al-Qur'an, Imdad al-Fatawa)Ruling 2. Should someone be in a position that he cannot even pay the ransom due, he should simply seek forgiveness from Allah through istighfar اِستِغفار and have an intention in his heart that he would pay it when he can. (Bayan al-Qur'an)

ثم بين حكم الصيام على ما كان عليه الأمر في ابتداء الإسلام ، فقال : ( فمن كان منكم مريضا أو على سفر فعدة من أيام أخر ) أي : المريض والمسافر لا يصومان في حال المرض والسفر ; لما في ذلك من المشقة عليهما ، بل يفطران ويقضيان بعدة ذلك من أيام أخر . وأما الصحيح المقيم الذي يطيق الصيام ، فقد كان مخيرا بين الصيام وبين الإطعام ، إن شاء صام ، وإن شاء أفطر ، وأطعم عن كل يوم مسكينا ، فإن أطعم أكثر من مسكين عن كل يوم ، فهو خير ، وإن صام فهو أفضل من الإطعام ، قاله ابن مسعود ، وابن عباس ، ومجاهد ، وطاوس ، ومقاتل بن حيان ، وغيرهم من السلف ; ولهذا قال تعالى : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين فمن تطوع خيرا فهو خير له وأن تصوموا خير لكم إن كنتم تعلمون )وقال الإمام أحمد : حدثنا أبو النضر ، حدثنا المسعودي ، حدثنا عمرو بن مرة ، عن عبد الرحمن بن أبي ليلى ، عن معاذ بن جبل ، رضي الله عنه ، قال : أحيلت الصلاة ثلاثة أحوال ، وأحيل الصيام ثلاثة أحوال ; فأما أحوال الصلاة فإن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قدم المدينة ، وهو يصلي سبعة عشر شهرا إلى بيت المقدس ، ثم إن الله عز وجل أنزل عليه : ( قد نرى تقلب وجهك في السماء فلنولينك قبلة ترضاها ) [ البقرة : 144 ] فوجهه الله إلى مكة .

هذا حول .قال : وكانوا يجتمعون للصلاة ويؤذن بها بعضهم بعضا حتى نقسوا أو كادوا ينقسون . ثم إن رجلا من الأنصار ، يقال له : عبد الله بن زيد ، أتى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، فقال : يا رسول الله ، إني رأيت فيما يرى النائم ولو قلت : إني لم أكن نائما لصدقت أني بينا أنا بين النائم واليقظان إذ رأيت شخصا عليه ثوبان أخضران ، فاستقبل القبلة ، فقال : الله أكبر الله أكبر ، أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله مثنى حتى فرغ من الأذان ، ثم أمهل ساعة ، ثم قال مثل الذي قال ، غير أنه يزيد في ذلك : قد قامت الصلاة مرتين . قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " علمها بلالا فليؤذن بها " . فكان بلال أول من أذن بها . قال : وجاء عمر بن الخطاب ، رضي الله عنه ، فقال : يا رسول الله ، [ إنه ] قد طاف بي مثل الذي طاف به ، غير أنه سبقني ، فهذان حالان .قال : وكانوا يأتون الصلاة قد سبقهم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ببعضها ، فكان الرجل يشير إلى الرجل إذا كم صلى ، فيقول : واحدة أو اثنتين ، فيصليهما ، ثم يدخل مع القوم في صلاتهم . قال : فجاء معاذ فقال : لا أجده على حال أبدا إلا كنت عليها ، ثم قضيت ما سبقني .

قال : فجاء وقد سبقه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ببعضها ، قال : فثبت معه ، فلما قضى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قام فقضى ، فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : " إنه قد سن لكم معاذ ، فهكذا فاصنعوا " . فهذه ثلاثة أحوال .وأما أحوال الصيام فإن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قدم المدينة ، فجعل يصوم من كل شهر ثلاثة أيام ، وصام عاشوراء ، ثم إن الله فرض عليه الصيام ، وأنزل الله تعالى : ( يا أيها الذين آمنوا كتب عليكم الصيام كما كتب على الذين من قبلكم ) .إلى قوله : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين ) فكان من شاء صام ، ومن شاء أطعم مسكينا ، فأجزأ ذلك عنه . ثم إن الله عز وجل أنزل الآية الأخرى : ( شهر رمضان الذي أنزل فيه القرآن ) إلى قوله : ( فمن شهد منكم الشهر فليصمه ) فأثبت الله صيامه على المقيم الصحيح ورخص فيه للمريض والمسافر ، وثبت الإطعام للكبير الذي لا يستطيع الصيام ، فهذان حالان .قال : وكانوا يأكلون ويشربون ويأتون النساء ما لم يناموا ، فإذا ناموا امتنعوا ، ثم إن رجلا من الأنصار يقال له : صرمة ، كان يعمل صائما حتى أمسى ، فجاء إلى أهله فصلى العشاء ، ثم نام فلم يأكل ولم يشرب ، حتى أصبح فأصبح صائما ، فرآه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وقد جهد جهدا شديدا ، فقال : ما لي أراك قد جهدت جهدا شديدا ؟

قال : يا رسول الله ، إني عملت أمس فجئت حين جئت فألقيت نفسي فنمت فأصبحت حين أصبحت صائما . قال : وكان عمر قد أصاب من النساء بعد ما نام ، فأتى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فذكر ذلك له ، فأنزل الله عز وجل : ( أحل لكم ليلة الصيام الرفث إلى نسائكم ) إلى قوله : ( ثم أتموا الصيام إلى الليل )وأخرجه أبو داود في سننه ، والحاكم في مستدركه ، من حديث المسعودي ، به .وقد أخرج البخاري ومسلم من حديث الزهري ، عن عروة ، عن عائشة أنها قالت : كان عاشوراء يصام ، فلما نزل فرض رمضان كان من شاء صام ومن شاء أفطر . وروى البخاري عن ابن عمر وابن مسعود ، مثله .وقوله : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين ) كما قال معاذ : كان في ابتداء الأمر : من شاء صام ومن شاء أفطر وأطعم عن كل يوم مسكينا .

وهكذا روى البخاري عن سلمة بن الأكوع أنه قال : لما نزلت : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين ) كان من أراد أن يفطر يفتدي ، حتى نزلت الآية التي بعدها فنسختها .وروي أيضا من حديث عبيد الله عن نافع ، عن ابن عمر ، قال : هي منسوخة .وقال السدي ، عن مرة ، عن عبد الله ، قال : لما نزلت هذه الآية : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين ) قال : يقول : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه ) أي : يتجشمونه ، قال عبد الله : فكان من شاء صام ومن شاء أفطر وأطعم مسكينا ( فمن تطوع ) قال : يقول : أطعم مسكينا آخر ( فهو خير له وأن تصوموا خير لكم ) فكانوا كذلك حتى نسختها : ( فمن شهد منكم الشهر فليصمه )وقال البخاري أيضا : حدثنا إسحاق ، أخبرنا روح ، حدثنا زكريا بن إسحاق ، حدثنا عمرو بن دينار ، عن عطاء سمع ابن عباس يقرأ : " وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين " .

قال ابن عباس : ليست منسوخة ، هو للشيخ الكبير والمرأة الكبيرة لا يستطيعان أن يصوما ، فيطعمان مكان كل يوم مسكينا .وهكذا روى غير واحد عن سعيد بن جبير ، عن ابن عباس ، نحوه .وقال أبو بكر بن أبي شيبة : حدثنا عبد الرحيم ، عن أشعث بن سوار ، عن عكرمة ، عن ابن عباس [ قال ] نزلت هذه الآية : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين ) في الشيخ الكبير الذي لا يطيق الصوم ثم ضعف ، فرخص له أن يطعم مكان كل يوم مسكينا .وقال الحافظ أبو بكر بن مردويه : حدثنا محمد بن أحمد ، حدثنا الحسين بن محمد بن بهرام المحرمي ، حدثنا وهب بن بقية ، حدثنا خالد بن عبد الله ، عن ابن أبي ليلى ، قال : دخلت على عطاء في رمضان ، وهو يأكل ، فقال : قال ابن عباس : نزلت هذه الآية : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه فدية طعام مسكين ) فكان من شاء صام ومن شاء أفطر وأطعم مسكينا ، ثم نزلت هذه الآية فنسخت الأولى ، إلا الكبير الفاني إن شاء أطعم عن كل يوم مسكينا وأفطر .

فحاصل الأمر أن النسخ ثابت في حق الصحيح المقيم بإيجاب الصيام عليه ، بقوله : ( فمن شهد منكم الشهر فليصمه ) وأما الشيخ الفاني [ الهرم ] الذي لا يستطيع الصيام فله أن يفطر ولا قضاء عليه ، لأنه ليست له حال يصير إليها يتمكن فيها من القضاء ، ولكن هل يجب عليه [ إذا أفطر ] أن يطعم عن كل يوم مسكينا إذا كان ذا جدة ؟ فيه قولان للعلماء ، أحدهما : لا يجب عليه إطعام ; لأنه ضعيف عنه لسنه ، فلم يجب عليه فدية كالصبي ; لأن الله لا يكلف نفسا إلا وسعها ، وهو أحد قولي الشافعي .

والثاني وهو الصحيح ، وعليه أكثر العلماء : أنه يجب عليه فدية عن كل يوم ، كما فسره ابن عباس وغيره من السلف على قراءة من قرأ : ( وعلى الذين يطيقونه ) أي : يتجشمونه ، كما قاله ابن مسعود وغيره ، وهو اختيار البخاري فإنه قال : وأما الشيخ الكبير إذا لم يطق الصيام ، فقد أطعم أنس بعد أن كبر عاما أو عامين كل يوم مسكينا خبزا ولحما ، وأفطر .وهذا الذي علقه البخاري قد أسنده الحافظ أبو يعلى الموصلي في مسنده ، فقال : حدثنا عبيد الله بن معاذ ، حدثنا أبي ، حدثنا عمران ، عن أيوب بن أبي تميمة قال : ضعف أنس [ بن مالك ] عن الصوم ، فصنع جفنة من ثريد ، فدعا ثلاثين مسكينا فأطعمهم .ورواه عبد بن حميد ، عن روح بن عبادة ، عن عمران وهو ابن حدير عن أيوب ، به .ورواه عبد أيضا ، من حديث ستة من أصحاب أنس ، عن أنس بمعناه .ومما يلتحق بهذا المعنى : الحامل والمرضع ، إذا خافتا على أنفسهما أو ولديهما ، ففيهما خلاف كثير بين العلماء ، فمنهم من قال : يفطران ويفديان ويقضيان . وقيل : يفديان فقط ، ولا قضاء . وقيل : يجب القضاء بلا فدية . وقيل : يفطران ، ولا فدية ولا قضاء . وقد بسطنا هذه المسألة مستقصاة في كتاب الصيام الذي أفردناه . ولله الحمد والمنة .